知识化、参数化和标准生成
导 言
感染是最重要的问题卫生保健服务世界范围.疾病与临床诊断和治疗程序相联的最重要发病和死亡原因之一
保健工作者在医院执行临床活动时极易受针棒伤害和血液传播病原体3++人体免疫机能丧失病毒(HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses, from sharp injuries and contacts with blood and other body fluids.4,5 According to a WHO estimate, in the year 2002, sharp injuries resulted in 16,000 hepatitis C Virus, 66,000 hepatitis B virus and 10,000 HIV infections in health care workers worldwide.6 There is no immunization for HIV and hepatitis C.7 It becomes important to prevent infection by preventing exposure. Recapping, disassembly, and inappropriate disposal increase the risk of needle stick injury.8,9 The incidence rate of these causative factors is higher in developing countries for the higher rate of injection with previously used syringes.10 Developing countries where the prevalence of HIV-infected patients is very high, record the highest needle stick injuries too.10 Needle stick injuries were also reported as the most common occupational health hazard in a Nigerian teaching hospital.11 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 2.5% of HIV cases among HCWs and 40% of hepatitis B and C cases among HCWs are the result of these exposures.12  Irrational and unsafe injection practices are rife in developing countries.13 The practice of recapping needles has been identified as a contributor to incidence of needle stick injuries among HCWs.5, 14 It is believed that only one out of three needle stick injuries are reported in the US, while these injuries virtually go undocumented in many developing countries.15 Unsafe injections and the consequent transmission of blood borne pathogens are suspected to occur routinely in the developing world.16 It was estimated that each person in developing countries receives an average of 1.5 infections per annum.16、19约90-95%注射治疗用,5-10%注射免疫用 17 已显示70%至99%注射不必要,同时在五大发展中区域19个国家中的14个国家中至少有50%不安全17,18,19,20
Hauri et al of the Department of Essential Health Technologies, WHO estimates 3.4 injections per person per year in developing countries.16, 18Â In Nigeria, the annual mean was found to be 4.9 injections per year.21Â Injection over use and unsafe practices account for a substantial burden of death and disability worldwide.16Â Eighteen studies reported a convincing link between unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C., HIV, Ebola and Lassa virus infections and malaria.19Â Injuries from sharp devices have been associated with the transmission of more than 40 pathogens, including HBV, HCV, HIV, haemorrhagic fevers, malaria and tetanus, thereby increasing the risk and burden of infectious diseases.22, 23, 24, 25Â Contaminated sharps such as needles, lancets, scalpels, broken glass, specimen tubes and other instruments, can transmit blood borne pathogens such as HIV, Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C viruses (HCV).26Â The circumstances leading to needle stick injuries depend partly on the type and design of the device and certain work practices.27Â Also, the level of risk depends on the number of patients with that infection in the health care facility and the预防保健工作者观察并处理这些病人
